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THE MAINSPRING JOURNAL
Free online articles and discographies for record collectors


RECORD LABELS AND COMPANIES

EDISON DIAMOND DISC MANUFACTURING PROCESSES (1920–29)
by Paul B. Kasakove
In July 1920, Paul Kasakove was hired to streamline Edison's Diamond Disc production. Here, he recalls the disc-manufacturing process in detail.

EDISON DISC RECORD ODDITIES: PROTOTYPES AND SPECIAL-USE RECORDS AT THE EDISON NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE
An illustrated sampling of ENHS rarities, including the Selectatune and Slogan Reproducing Machine records and a Brunswick-Edison hybrid disc.

EDISON DISC RECORD AND PHONOGRAPH SALES STATISTICS (1912–28)
Annual Diamond Disc record and phonograph sales totals, from the original Edison files.

"DISCONTINUING RECORD PRODUCTION" — DOCUMENTS FROM THE FINAL DAYS OF EDISON’S PHONOGRAPH DIVISION
A selection of internal memos and reports documenting the closure of Edison’s recording operations during October–November 1929.

THE SEARS-ROEBUCK LABELS: AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY (1905–50)
Sears built its reputation by offering major manufacturers’ good under its own cut-rate brands, and phonograph records were no exception.

"A MINIATURE CONCERT" — THE EARLIEST ISSUED VICTOR ELECTRIC
The Victor Talking Machine Co. experimented with electrical recording as early as 1922 but did not produce a usable electrical recording until February 26, 1925. On that day, a test of old vs. new systems yielded the first Victor electrical recordings to be accepted for release.

THE BIRTH OF HOME THEATER: FILMOPHONE, CINE-TONE, AND THE HOME-TALKIE FILMS AND RECORDS (1927–29)
Home theater is nothing new. After several similar ventures failed, Home-Talkie films and synchronized records finally gave movie fans a way to watch sound films by major vaudeville stars in the comfort of their homes.

THE LEEDS & CATLIN STORY
by Allan Sutton
Edward Leeds and the companies he directed openly flaunted Victor's and Columbia's patents to become one of America's leading record manufacturers. It took a decade of continuous lawsuits and a Supreme Court ruling to bring Leeds and Catlin down.

HIT OF THE WEEK STORY: A HISTORY OF DURIUM PRODUCTS
by Allan Sutton
Durium's 15˘ Hit of the Week records were the perfect product for the Depression. But the company faced many setbacks, including a threatened sale of its trade secrets to RCA, before finally defecting to England.

SEE BEE: PIONEER BLACK RECORD LABEL OF THE 1920s
See Bee is remembered as the label that recorded Marcus Garvey in 1922, but it also tried unsuccessfully to emulate Black Swan, producing gospel and dance band records before quietly disappearing.

MARSH LABORATORIES: A PRELIMINARY DISCOGRAPHY (1922–1925)
A regularly updated exploratory listing of Autograph and other 78 records produced by Orlando Marsh, the self-proclaimed "Originator of Electrical Recording." UPDATED REGULARLY

WHEN DID MARSH LABORATORIES BEGIN RECORDING ELECTRICALLY?
Orlando Marsh was the first to produce and issue electrical recordings on a regular commercial basis. The date at which he introduced his system has long been debated, and a recent discovery may answer that question.

OUT WEST: CALIFORNIA LABELS AND STUDIOS OF THE 1920s
An illustrated survey of California's early recording studios and 78 disc record industry

IN THE EDISON STUDIOS (1905-28)
Rare photos and blueprint's of Edison's recording studios

DIME-STORE DYNASTY: THE SCRANTON BUTTON COMPANY LABELS
Its name never appeared on a record label, yet this Pennsylvania button manufacturer was the 1920s' leading producer of cheap 78 records on labels like Banner, Domino, Oriole, and Regal. Now its notoriously confusing output is detailed in the Plaza-ARC Discography.

DATING THE NEW YORK RECORDING LABORATORIES' L-SERIES MATRIXES
by Alex van der Tuuk
Paramount expert Alex van der Tuuk examines the evidence—ranging from the markings on issued 78s and test pressings, to dates of historic events, and even Wisconsin's weather conditions—to arrive at more accurate dates for Paramount's legendary Grafton sessions.

THE "MILLION-SELLER" MYTH: A REAPPRAISAL OF 1920s RECORD SALES
by Allan Sutton
While pop-culture writing abounds with undocumented claims of 1920s "million-seller" 78-rpm records, surviving company files reveal a far different story.

BRUNSWICK GOES ELECTRIC (1921–1926)
After attempting to develop its own electrical recording system in 1921, Brunswick settled for a flawed General Electric system in 1925 to compete with Victor and Columbia's new Western Electric recordings.

PARAMOUNT'S LEGACY: WHAT HAPPENED TO NYRL'S INVENTORY?
by Alex van der Tuuk
The author of Paramount's Rise and Fall investigates the destruction of Paramount's masters and unsold pressings in the 1930s and 1940s, and John Steiner's revival of the label in 1948.

EDISON'S RED STAR LABELS
Or, How to Kill Sales with One Simple Memo: An account of Thomas A. Edison, Inc.'s, 1924 warning to dealers not to order certain Edison discs.

THE ORIGINS OF OKEH
by Allan Sutton

The label that introduced blues to the world was a long time in arriving. This account traces Okeh's origins and early development, from its German roots to its ground-breaking introduction of the "race record" in the early 1920s.

A RED SEAL BY ANY OTHER NAME: THE OPERA DISC SAGA
When Deutsche Grammophon decided to challenge Victor's prestigious Red Seals after World War I, they chose a formidable weapon: Victor's own recordings.

THE TEN-CENT CARUSO
It was only a snippet, but what more could one ask for a dime? The story behind Emerson's only release by Enrico Caruso.

THE EMERSON RECORD STORY — Part 1
Victor Hugo Emerson, creator of the Little Wonder record, left Columbia in 1915 to challenge them with his own diminutive 78 records. His company's early days are chronicled in the first of this three-part series.

EARLY AMERICAN RECORD PIRACY (1899–1922)
Record piracy is a tradition stretching back more than a century. Several early American disc-pirating operations are examined in this survey.

SORTING OUT THE PURITAN LABEL
Paramount's less-glamorous sister label led a checkered past that continues to challenge discographers and collectors today.

EVOLUTION OF THE VICTOR RECORD LABEL (1900–1905): An Illustrated Guide

VICTOR RECORD SALES STATISTICS (1901–1941)

THE KIDDIE RECORD WARS (1917–1930)

LITTLE WONDER AND THE MINIATURE-RECORD FAD

GEM BLADES' "VOICES OF VICTORY" RECORDS
by Tom Sanders

The makers of Gem razors and blades did their bit for morale during World War II, recording servicemen's messages on flexible 78 records that could be mailed to friends and family back home.

THE OTHER SIDES OF VICTOR H. EMERSON

JOHN FLETCHER: FROM SOUSA'S BAND TO BLACK SWAN (AND BEYOND)

ODEON RECORDS IN THE UNITED STATES

APPRECIATING MUSIC: GINN & COMPANY'S SCHOOL 78s

 
PERFORMERS

PAUL WHITEMAN, INC.: A SURVEY OF THE WHITEMAN AGENCY DANCE ORCHESTRAS
When Paul Whiteman’s own orchestra was unable to meet the demand for appearances and recording sessions in the early 1920s, the band leader turned entrepreneur and began managing other groups to fill the gap.

JOSEPH C. SMITH AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE AMERICAN DANCE ORCHESTRA
A history and assesssment of Smith’s role in the development of the American dance orchestra on records.

JACK KAUFMAN’S PERSONAL SCRAPBOOK
Rare Kaufman Brothers photos and memorabilia (1910–25), courtesy of Phil Kaufman.

BILLY MURRAY'S VICTOR CONTRACTS: A CASE STUDY
Billy Murray's Victor Talking Machine Co. contracts provide a deeper understanding of his recording career, as well as a glimpse into the legal workings of the early American recording industry.

BILLY MURRAY ON THE RADIO (1925–42): A DETAILED PROGRAM LISTING
Revised by Anna-Maria Manuel

A regularly updated listing of documented radio broadcasts by pioneer recording artist Billy Murray. 

"BIXING" — MYTHS, LIES, AND POLITICAL CORRECTNESS IN JAZZ RESEARCH
by Malcolm Shaw

What's "bixing"? It's a common habit in jazz history of passing off rumor and opinion as fact. It's named for Bix Beiderbecke because people have probably used more smoke and mirrors to augment and glorify his particular legend than anyone else's. Bixing creates a folklore tradition that newcomers to jazz collecting often believe at the expense of truth.

THE KAUFMAN BROTHERS: A PREHISTORY OF PHIL, JACK, AND IRVING
The Kaufman Brothers were a hit in vaudeville long before they made their first records.

EVERYMAN'S McCORMACK: A JOHN STEEL BIO-DISCOGRAPHY
John Steel was no John McCormack, although he emulated the great Irish tenor. But he was a colorful personality and a major stage star of the 1920s whose story is finally emerging.

ARTHUR FIELDS: BLUE AMBEROL CYLINDEROGRAPHY
First in a new series of cylinderographies devoted to early studio artists, using original Edison file data and other primary-source materials.

ADA JONES: BLUE AMBEROL CYLINDEROGRAPHY
Second in a new series of cylinderographies devoted to early studio artists, using original Edison file data and other primary-source materials.

VICTOR’S SINGING EXECUTIVE: HARRY MACDONOUGH
Record buyers had no idea that singing was a sideline for tenor Harry Macdonough, who in real life was Victor Talking Machine Co. executive John S. Macdonald.

THE ARTHUR FIELDS SONG SHOP AND ARTHUR FIELDS MELODY RECORDS
In 1923 Arthur Fields teamed with the chronically ill-fated John Fletcher to produce his own Arthur Fields Melody Record label.

SYNTHETIC COUNTRY: FIELDS & HALL AND THE CREATION OF THE 'HILLBILLY' STEREOTYPE
Rex Cole’s Mountaineers, the creation of New Yorkers Fred Hall and Arthur Fields, was one of the first groups to develop and exploit the 'hillbilly' stereotype that later found expression in the likes of "Lil’Abner" and "The Beverly Hillbillies."

A PREHISTORY OF ADA JONES (1889–1905)
Before she was a phonograph star, Ada Jones led a checkered career, singing in Broadway flops and dime museums, and sharing billing with The Eight Fat Women and Signor Monstrom’s Troupe of Boxing Monkies.

THE SCANLAN SCANDAL: THE REST OF THE WALTER VAN BRUNT STORY
The tale of Walter Van Brunt's rebirth as 'Walter Scanlan,' his rise to fame in the theatrical world, and the scandal that made national headlines.

THE AVON COMEDY FOUR: A DETAILED HISTORY
Legendary vaudevillians Smith & Dale scrambled their way to the top of the theatrical world as stars of the Avon Comedy Four. Irving Kaufman, Eddie Miller, and Arthur Fields were among the supporting members who came and went over the years.

STEVE PORTER, GLOBAL ENTREPRENEUR
Stephen Carl Porter was hardly the dimwit he often portrayed on records. From his pioneering work in India to his successful Port-O-Phone venture, Porter was a far more ambitious and accomplished man than his previous biographers might lead one to believe.

CARUSO AND DISCOGRAPHY: A CONVERSATION WITH JOHN BOLIG
An interview by Barry Ashpole

The author of Caruso Records: A History and Discography discusses his research into Enrico Caruso's records, and his views on the current state of discography, with the editor of the ARSC Journal.

JAZZ COMES TO NEW YORK (1917): A GALLERY OF EARLY JAZZ BAND ADS
The Original Dixieland Jazz Band's success at Reisenweber's in 1917 brought an influx of would-be competitors to New York — some historically significant, some just noisy novelty acts. Victor and Columbia labeled it "Jass," but in New York it was "Jazz" from the start.

A BILLY MURRAY SCRAPBOOK (1916-27)
Historic photos, ads, and clippings from the collections of Anna-Maria Manuel and Mainspring Press.

THE IMAGINARY CARL FENTON: Gus Haenschen, Rubie Greenberg, and the Conductor Who Never Existed
Brunswick's best-selling band leader was a total fiction, a trade name that was later sold, and that once even filed for bankruptcy!

THOMAS EDISON'S OPINION OF OPERA SINGERS
Excerpts from Thomas Edison's comments on operatic singers used in the 1910–1912 experimental disc sessions (courtesy of Ray Wile).

UNMASKING THE "WORLD'S GREATEST MUSIC" SETS (1938–40)
The orchestras on these ubiquitous album sets have long posed a guessing game for collectors. The first installment of our ongoing series identifies the source and performers on the initial symphonic series, as logged in the RCA-Victor files.

A DIRECTORY OF PIONEER RECORDING STUDIO GROUPS
A preliminary personnel listing for early studio vocal groups (1891-1929)

DISGUISED WHITE PERFORMERS ON BLACK SWAN RECORDS: A PSEUDONYM LISTING
Although Harry Pace claimed his Black Swan records would use only black talent, many issues were actually by white performers using the aliases listed here.

BLACK SWAN'S OTHER STARS
Harry Pace set his sights high for his pioneering black-owned and -operated record label. "While it is true that we will feature to a great extent 'blue' numbers," Pace told the press, "we will also release many numbers of a higher standard."

REDISCOVERING SAM MOORE
by Allan Sutton (with Betsy Loar)

Sam Moore's1921 "Laughing Rag" is a pioneering blend of Hawaiian, ragtime, and Southern folk influences unlike anything previously recorded. But aside from his guitar work, Moore championed unconventional instruments ranging from the sublime to the utterly ridiculous, and for a time even jaded New Yorkers sat up and listened.

PARAMOUNT'S 1929 "MASKED MARVEL" CONTEST
Blues legend Charley Patton went incognito for his introduction to Paramount record buyers.

LIFE AFTER THE STUDIO
What the pioneer recording artists did after their recording careers ended

UNCLE JOSH'S PUNKIN CENTRE STORIES
Behind Cal Stewart's country-bumpkin persona was a successful author and publisher.


PHOTO FEATURES

BROADWAY CANDID: The Stars Offstage (1915–20)

ENRICO CARUSO: The Bain Photos (1918–21)

INSIDE THE EARLY RECORDING STUDIOS

A BILLY MURRY SCRAPBOOK: Rare Ads, Photos, and Memorabilia (1910–32)

BILLY MURRAY AT HOME: The Bain Photos (1919–20)

ADA JONES AT HOME: The Bain Photos

ARTHUR FIELDS AT WORK AND PLAY: The Bain Photos (1919)

IRVING KAUFMAN AT HOME: The Bain Photos (c. 1919)

VERNON DALHART AT HOME: The Bain Photos (c. 1919–20)

PIONEER STUDIO STARS AT WORK AND PLAY


FREE ONLINE DISCOGRAPHIES

MAIN DISCOGRAPHY PAGE

ADA JONES: BLUE AMBEROL CYLINDEROGRAPHY

ARTHUR FIELDS: BLUE AMBEROL CYLINDEROGRAPHY

A JOHN STEEL BIO-DISCOGRAPHY

*JAMES REESE EUROPE & THE HELL FIGHTERS BAND

*MAMIE SMITH

*COLUMBIA "XP" CYLINDER RECORDS (1901–09)

*ORIGINAL DIXIELAND JAZZ BAND

* Indicates Adobe Acrobat Viewer is required. Large files; please allow sufficient time for download.

 

PHONOGRAPHS

PLAYING CYLINDERS ELECTRICALLY: The Archeophone and the ACT Reproducer
There's amazing sound hidden in your cylinders, and these two devices can help you recover it.

BEWARE OF THE CRAP-O-PHONE!
They're counterfeit, they're junk, and they're everywhere — from eBay (especially eBay!) to upscale antique shops and mail-order catalogs. Hold onto your wallets until you've read our exposé of these truly crappy 78 record players.

 

DEPARTMENTS

DISCOGRAPHIES
Free online discographies of cylinders and 78 records in Adobe Acrobat format.

THE BLUES ALBUM
An archive of rare traditional blues and race-record memorabilia.

THE CARUSO ARCHIVE
A collection of articles and artifacts relating to the life and recordings of Enrico Caruso.

THE MAINSPRING 78 RECORD LABELS GALLERY
A selection of rare, unusual, and occasionally bizarre 78 record labels, based on Allan Sutton & Kurt Nauck's American Record Labels and Companies.



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